Nicholas Carr - Atrapados

Nadie para atestiguar y corregir,

nadie para conducir el coche.

WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS

NOTAS.

[1] Federal Aviation Administration, SAFO 13002, 4 de enero de 2013,

[2] Sebastian Thrun, «What We’re Driving At», Google Official Blog, 9 de octubre de 2010,.

[3] Daniel DeBolt, « Google’s Self-Driving Car in Five-Car Crash», Mountain View Voice, 8 de agosto de 2011

[4] Richard Waters y Henry Foy, «Tesla Moves Ahead of Google in Race to Build Self-Driving Cars», Financial Times, 17 de septiembre de 2013,

[5] Frank Levy y Richard J. Murnane, The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2004), 20

[6] Tom A. Schweizer et al., «Brain Activity during Driving with Distraction: An Immersive fMRI Study», Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 28 de febrero de 2013,

[7] N. Katherine Hayles, How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2012), 2

[8] Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi y Judith LeFevre, «Optimal Experience in Work and Leisure», Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56, n.º 5 (1989), 815-822

[9] Daniel T. Gilbert y Timothy D. Wilson, «Miswanting: Some Problems in the Forecasting of Future Affective States», en Joseph P. Forgas, ed., Feeling and Thinking: The Role of Affect in Social Cognition (Cambridge, Reino Unido, Cambridge University Press, 2000), 179

[10] Csikszentmihalyi y LeFevre, «Optimal Experience in Work and Leisure».

[11] Citado en John Geirland, «Go with the Flow», Wired, septiembre de 1996

[12] Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (Nueva York, Harper, 1991), 157-162

[13] R. H. Macmillan, Automation: Friend or Foe? (Cambridge, Reino Unido, Cambridge University Press, 1956), 1

[14] Ibíd., 91

[15] Ibíd., 1-6 . El subrayado es de Macmillan.

[16] Ibíd., 92

[17] George B. Dyson, Darwin among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (Reading, Mass., Addison-Wesley, 1997), X.

[18] Bertrand Russell, «Machines and the Emotions», en Sceptical Essays (Londres, Routledge, 2004), 64

[19] Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (Nueva York, Modern Library, 2000), 7-10

[20] Ibíd., 408

[21] Malcolm I. Thomis, The Luddites: Machine-Breaking in Regency England (Newton Abbot, David & Charles, 1970), 50. Véase también E. J. Hobsbawm, «The Machine Breakers», Past and Present 1, n.º 1 (1952), 57-70

[22] Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, vol. 1 (Chicago, Charles H. Kerr, 1912), 461-462

[23] Karl Marx, «Speech at the Anniversary of the People’s Paper», 14 de abril de 1856,

[24] Nick Dyer-Witheford, Cyber-Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High Technology Capitalism (Champaign, III., University of Illinois Press, 1999), 40

[25] Marx, «Speech at the Anniversary of the People’s Paper».

[26] Citado en Dyer-Witheford, Cyber-Marx, 41. En un famoso pasaje de La ideología alemana, publicado en 1846, Marx prevé un día en que uno sea libre de «hacer una cosa hoy y otra mañana, de dedicarse a la caza por la mañana, a la pesca por la tarde, a la cría de ganado por la noche, a criticar después de cenar, sin por ello convertirse en cazador, pescador, granjero o crítico». Nunca antes el deseo errado resultó tan rapsódico.

[27] E. Levasseur, «The Concentration of Industry, and Machinery in the United States», Publications of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, n.º 193 (1897), 178-197

[28] Oscar Wilde, «The Soul of Man under Socialism», en The Collected Works of Oscar Wilde (Ware, Wordsworth Editions, 2007), 1051

[29] Citado en Amy Sue Bix, Inventing Ourselves out of Jobs? America’s Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929-1981 (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 117-118

[30] Ibíd., 50

[31] Ibíd., 55

[32] John Maynard Keynes, «Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren», en Essays in Persuasion (Nueva York, W. W. Norton, 1963), 358-373

[33] John F. Kennedy, «Remarks at the Wheeling Stadium», en John F. Kennedy: Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President (Washington D. C., U. S. Government Printing Office, 1962), 721

[34] Stanley Aronowitz y William DiFazio, The Jobless Future: Sci-Tech and the Dogma of Work (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1994), 14. El subrayado es de Aronowitz y DiFazio.

[35] Jeremy Rifkin, The End of Work: The Decline of the Global Labor Force and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era (Nueva York, Putnam, 1995), XV–XVIII. [El fin del trabajo: el declive de la fuerza de trabajo global y el nacimiento de la era posmercado, Barcelona, Círculo de Lectores, 1997].

[36] Erik Brynjolfsson y Andrew McAfee, Race against the Machine: How the Digital Revolution Is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy